MIMO for Wireless Celluar Networks as the state of the art ofIntelligent antenna (IA) technology, can improve the performance of radio systems by spatial signal processing techniques with a multiple antenna array. Spatial signal processing techniques include spatial precoding at the transmitter and spatial postcoding at the receiver, which are dual to each other from the information theoretic point of view. A multiple antenna array is a basic architecture for ,(), self-tracking directional antenna,and so on.
Spatial precoding of intelligent antenna includes spatial beamforming and spatial coding. In wireless communications, spatial precoding is used to obtain high reliability, high rate and lower interference as shown in the following table.Summary of 3G MIMO
The table summarizes the history of 3G MIMO techniques candidated for 3G standards. Although the table additionally contains the future part but the contents are not clearly filled out since the future is not precisely predictable.
IA technology enables client terminals which have either multiple antennas or self-tracking directional antenna to communicate each other with as high signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) as possible. Assume that there are a source terminal, a destination terminal and some candidate interference terminals. Differently from conventional approaches, an advanced IA based terminal will perform spatial precoding (spatial beamforming and/or spatial coding) not only to enhance the signal power at the destination terminal but also to diminish the interferening power at interference terminals. As a human does, the advanced IA terminal is given to know that occurring high interference to other terminals will eventually degrade the performance of the associated wireless network.
However, it requires intelligent multiple orantenna array. On the contrary,(CR) allows user terminals to sense the other service usage of spectrum beans to share the spectrum among users, which is so, cognitive spectrum sharing technology. The following table compares the different points between two approach for future wireless systems: Intelligent antenna (IA) vs. Cognitive radio (CR).
SummaryIntelligent spectrum reuse technologyCognitive spectrum sharing technologyFundamental concepts and theories
is a property of mind that includes many related abilities.
is the practice of social elements working in common, instead of working individually.
can be interpreted as understanding and responding to the world.
(AmI)refers to artificial environments that responses to the movement of people, the paradigm of which builds upon.
(WUC)is post-desktop computing where information processing is integrated into anytime and anywhere human activities.
is a mathematical theory that studies the strategic interaction between players, which is usually comprised of a friend group and an enemy group.
Principal Issues of Research
Antenna technology that uses some sort ofto enhance wireless system performance. Electronic intelligence is implemented by spatial pre/post-coding techniques such as spatial information coding and spatial signal beamforming. Notice that smart antenna has been more widely used to represent the similar meaning
network security.
In the narrow sense, antenna technology that employs array antennas with beamforming techniques to enhance wireless system performance. In the wide sense, equivalent terminology to intelligent antenna.
Wide sense and well-known: MIMO is the state of the art of IA and SA.
Narrow sense: Antenna systems that employ multiple antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver.Reference Web Sites
The following items list the web sites related to the multiple antenna research.
MARS, Bell Laboratories -
Multiple Antenna Research and Solutions (MARS)is a research group on multiple antenna and space time coding
Lucent -
The goal of intelligent antennas is to achieve higher capacity noting that advanced solutions provide higher capacity than basic solutions.
Phased Arrayd Switched beamsSteered beams
IMEC -
Multiple antenna systemsare the key to the high-capacity wireless universe. Indeed, they allow increasing the rate, improving the robustness, or accommodating more users in the cell.
Georgia Institute of Technology -
A smart antennais an array of antenna elements connected to a digital signal processor
IEC -,
A smart antenna systemcombines multiple antenna elements with a signal-processing capability to optimize its radiation and/or reception pattern automatically in response to the signal environment.
Spatial division multiple access (SDMA)- Among the most sophisticated utilizations of smart antenna technology is SDMA, which employs advanced processing techniques to, in effect, locate and track fixed or mobile terminals, adaptively steering transmission signals toward users and away from interferers.
SearchMobileComputing.com -
A smart antennais a digital wireless communications antenna system that takes advantage of diversity effect at the source (transmitter), the destination (receiver), or both.
MIMOis an antenna technology for wireless communications in which multiple antennas are used at both the source (transmitter) and the destination (receiver).
Smart Antennas Research Group, Stanford Univ. -
Our research goal is to advance the state-of-the-art in the applications ofmultiple antennas and space-time signal processingin mobile wireless networks, and to improve network performance and economics.
CDG -,
Smart antennasprovide greater capacity and performance benefits than standard antennas because they can be used to customize and fine-tune antenna coverage patterns that match the traffic conditions in a wireless network or that are better suited for complex radio frequency (RF) environments.
MIMOemploys multiple, spatially separated antennas (at both TX and RX) to take advantage of these "virtual wires" and transfer more data.
Nortel -
MIMOis an antenna technology that is used both in transmission and receiver equipment for wireless radio communication.
MIMOis the only advanced antenna technology that simultaneously offers high bandwidth, improved range, and high mobility at a lower cost.
Visant Strategies -,
Intelligent antennasare antenna systems that use some sort of computational or electronic resource to enhance system performance.
According to the amounts of intelligence employed, antenna diversity represents the simplest form in the progressive complexity chain, followed by basic beamforming, which is the process of narrowing radiated energy, which is then followed by the more complex space-time processing and finally by MIMO.
VK5ZAI -
Following numerous requests for details of my home brewedsatellite tracking systemI have finally got around to writing an article on it, with a photograph or two, hoping it's of interest to others.
Magnetic Sciences -
Satellite tracking systems and self-steering antennasare used aboard ships, vehicles, or aircraft to maintain contact with satellites.See also
Intelligent antenna series
Practical Implementation Techniques
includes spatial coding (SC) and spatial beamforming (SB).
includes,and.
is antenna processing which generates an artificially shpaed beam with respect to azimuth, ellibation, width, length and distribution of a beam.References
.II. 30th Nov 2006.
Note I have first published this document in Wikipedia. Now I copy it to here for further expansion and discussion. Note that the initial version of this document in Wikipedia was written by James Sungjin Kim and there are no many revisions by others except some minor typo corrections as we can check in the history of the same Wikipedia article.
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